4.1.11

If It Walks Like A Duck And It Talks Like A Duck, It's A Papaya


"It's not the one thing nor the other that leads to madness, but the space in between."
--Jeanette Winterson, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit

In a nutshell, the cunundrum scrutinized by many-a-sleuth since the Dawn of Civilization has been;
One Duck--But, Which Duck?

Purportedly, the first to pop the question were the Greeks--and it would have sounded something like:
Mia papya amma pya papya?
(Μια πάπια, αλλά ποια πάπια?)...

But, what's any of this to do with Gravity? One might wonder.


In Greek the query whether it is 'One Duck' or 'A Duck' is one and the same. Only interesting as far as 'One' indicates an exact Duck, yet any generic/indefinite duck will do for 'A Duck'.The word for duck in Arabic, by the way is, ' بط' , pronounced 'but' , or more precisely, 'butt'. A closer look at the image of the yellow ducks swimming past the view finder reveals a series of less obvious white ducks gliding by in the opposite direction. They are embedded in the 'negative space' defined by the more apparent yellow ducks.

The white ducks are what we would call a 'ghost' since they have no definite outline. And just like a ghost they trace a faint, weak or greatly reduced appearance, or possibility of something. But, butt, ' بط'...!
...where at first glance it seemed the marksman is about to miss their target, we now see that they are sighting their quarry and are right on target--an interstitial white 'sitting' duck.

In this example, the interstitial space (white ducks) is the gap or 'empty space' between spaces full of structure or matter (yellow ducks). It is what the Japanese call Ma (間) ...roughly translated as "gap", "space", "pause" or as "the space between two structural parts". Now, before you 'O, Ma!' me, or toss another 'grammar nazi' my way (an apparent euphemism for 'childbirth makes women scatterbrained'), You should know the reason I am bringing up the Japanese is not because you have a Japanese girlfriend at present. But, for the more important reason that while this 'interval' or 'negative space' is understood to be experientially 'concrete' in Eastern philosophy, in that its very absence or voidness is considered to lend value to the overall tangible structure or give shape to the whole, there is no equivalent single word for Ma in the English language--a somewhat serious omission.

The buzz words being interstitial and negative space, right? Somehow, that should bring us back down to Earth, so to speak, and the 'matter' under consideration--persnickity Gravity.

For denizens of the Planet Earth, 'Knowing' about Gravity is a little like 'Seeing' a Ghost.

Just like in the Duck example, where the ghostly Ma white ducks were plucked from the negative space or gap between the substantive yellow ducks, Gravity's ghost is traced by the Tide. Oceanic Tides can serve to 'map' Gravity since it has a direct affect on them.

For the example here, a regular ocean tide at the shore gives some insight as to the basic Geometry of Gravitational (wave dual) affects on a particular day at a particular time and particle location.

And just like Flatlanders cannot fully realize what Higher Dimensional objects and forces Really are in Lower Dimensions (Consider Flatlanders, Emily and Bob, projecting a hyper-cube...etc.); the best we can hope for is a reasonable inference of what these 5th, 6th, or higher dimensional things' true nature is based on our limited perspective of what we are afforded by our 3rd or 4th dimensional existence (remember Chicken Little?).

That is to say, we need to look for their traces in the 'empty' spaces.

The sine function, osculating circles, parabolic sand washes and the triangles indicating the carved sand bars were overlayed onto the image by drawing them in, not actually modeling them mathematically. These shapes, while selected intuitively, have geometries that can be explicitly related by arithmetic relationships.

The simplest case is imagining that a cylinder is cut at an oblique angle such that the cross cut is an ellipse. Unwrapping the cylinder reveals a sinusoudal curve. In a similar fashion, the circles, parabolas, and triangles are derived from conic sections and projections (unwrappings/unfoldings). (Implicit formulas for such profiles/projections available at "Unwrapping Curves from Cyliders and Cones," The Mathematical Society of America, 2007 )

Simple inspection of the underlying geometry for this moment in time by the sea shore--the osculating (kissing) circles, parabolic sand washes, the tide's sinuous wave front, and the triangles depicting the carved sand bars-- gives a good lower dimensional representation (affine) of Gravity's extra-dimensionality (interstitial nature) and just what it might Really be all about.

Having spent time mulling over the implications of a mathematically perfect Solar System, as solargeometry eloquently puts it, it would be reasonable to expect infinitely recurring self-similarity throughout the Universe. And, by extension since Gravitation is a part of the Universe, wherever we measure or observe its effects can serve as reasonable isomorphs in our 4-dimensional space-time domain to understanding Gravity's exact nature.

Self-similarity is the flip side of the Duality coin. And just like opposites, or duals, serve to balance each other and teach us something about the Nature of the World by comparing and contrasting these opposites, self-similarity serves as an identity scale from the very big to the very small (You Do It! I simply don't get paid well enough to justify working that hard, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Gaussian_kernel#The_discrete_Gaussian_kernel) to teach us about those things that we cannot access readily due to some limitation. In the case of Gravity, that limitation seems to be that it is extra-dimensional.

{It may very well be the case that self-similars do not only exist for inanimate objects, but People as well, considering the Quran has this much to say about them:
20:104 We know what is involved when the 'likes of them' (those mentioned before, those like them, their representations) say, ‘You went about (were broadcast/remained/stayed/tarried) in this way (method/system/fashion/channel/styling/mode/style/attitude) but a Day'.}

A good place to start looking for self-similars in Gravity's case is by comparing the Curvature of a cylinder to the curl of a Tidal wave.

A cylinder can be given by a flat metric, a 2-D rectangle (planar shape) that is curled (rotated by an angle 'alpha' about its axis) so that the short ends meet. When rotated, its various profiles present as lines, ellipses or circles depending on the viewing angle and axis of rotation.


Curvature characterizes how well Pythagorean’s theorem holds for spatial distances.

A space or space-time with zero curvature is called flat.

If an object/line/field/surface/n-space is ‘flat’ its curvature is zero, then Ω = 1, and Pythagorean’s theorem is valid.

If Ω >1, there is positive curvature (or locally convex), and if Ω <1 then curvature is negative (locally saddle, or hyperbolic--i read it, is it supposed to make me feel any better, or make me launch into a retelling of the story about ذو القرنين ḏū al-qarnayn 'the 2-horned one', as He was already mentioned in earlier posts 'where the 2 (horns?) meet').

In either of these two cases, the Pythagorean Theorem is invalid. The point here being that this type of thing is only detectable on a Cosmic scale (1E26 m); and sometimes that's how big the Truth gets, and they still callin' me a liar! (As an aside, do i get an invitation to the wedding the crew from 'paranoia' were planning at Starbux this morning 02-26-2011 @8:00am? That is to say, the guy on the phone was so loud about it, he should've invited everyone in the joint...I haven't been to one in about 5 years.)

In a plane, curvature is a scalar and in higher dimensions it is described by curvature vectors/tensors.

For a circle, the curvature is equal everywhere, and is defined as the reciprocal of its radius.

For smooth curves, curvature is defined as the curvature of the osculating circle at each point. (Osculating circle based algorithms can also be used to avoid a catastrophe.)


...back to the Sea...

A yellow dot is wrapped onto a cylinder of decreasing radii in the Figure (a)-(f) above.
The edge effect in (f) is reminiscent of waves breaking on the shore.
Pictured here is a yellow dot resting on slack water in an ocean (A), a momentary lull before the tide turns, and something that models a point in a plane (or a Flat field).

In (B) the red arrow indicates an Acceleration field which causes the yellow dot to rise in a trajectory modeled by a geodesic along the surface of a cylinder
(C)--an example of Curvature as the Obstruction to a Flat Field.


 {If You notice how long this post is taking for me to get around to doing it's because I've been sidetracked, thinking I almost made a friend, but that went South quickly when he reminded me that 'human contact is a good thing'. R U kidding?Did you see what happened the last time I came anywhere near them?! So, good try, but no thanks!}

An Observer looking directly down from the Sky  (i.e, a Fixed Point of View, far away) sees the yellow dot translating along a straight line (not following a curved pathsince they cannot observe the rotation, α=0, ie. it would appear 'still' in that respect, no longer arcing), its straight line profile traces a path:

p(t)= t


Which is esentially a line given by:

z = ct


The yellow dot's ordinate as it rolls along the curl of a cylinder that's rotating around its central axis in this manner as a function of the angle of rotation about the cylinder's central axis, α, is given by:

zα = p(t cos α +√(r^2- t^2 )sin α

Which is a curve of the form:

zα = t cos α +√(r^2- t^2 )sin α


On rearrangement, is essentially an ellipse (possibly degenerate) of the form

Ax^2 + Bxy + Cy^2 = 1 given by:

zα^2 − 2zαt cos α + t^2 = r ^2 sin^2 α


where:

p = the profile function
t = projection of the point along the x-axis
r = radius of the cylinder
α = angle of rotation about the cylinder central axis
z = the distance the projected point travels parallel to the y- axis as it follows the curl of the cylinder through angle α
(http://www.mamikon.com/USArticles/RollingConesCylinders.pdf)
The expression for zα resembles x'= x cos α + y sin α for changing coordinates from the xy- system to the x'y'-system by rotating the axes through an angle α.

The tidal wave develops along the arcing surface of the imagined cylinder whose shape, depending on the symmetry of the acceleration, may be a circle, an ellipse or degenerate ellipse --an example of Tidal Forces as the Obstruction to an Acceleration Field.

This is readily imagined if one were to change the Observer's point of view, such that they are now sighting directly down the cylinder's central axis. One way to do this is to move the Observer's veiwing plane by 90 degrees by actually repositioning the Observer, the other way to do this is to 'tilt' the cylinder itself by α = π/2 to the original viewing plane.

In either case, the profile function is then given by:

zπ/2 = p(√(r^2- t^2 )

Which is essentially a circle given by:

z^2 = r^2 - t^2

Time and Tide are, respectively, bound to Space and Acceleration akin to the manner in which Polar coordinates are related to Cartesian coordinate systems. The relationship is difficult to fathom directly since information is lost (more accurately, 'masked') when moving from one system to the other. And looking at something (information) in one system makes it seem like something entirely different in the other, when in fact it (the information, representation) is essentially the same exact thing.

Words can only take us so far and that's why pictures were invented. And by the fortunate happenstance of a searchable world wide web, wikipedist Kieff (who for whatever reason does not enjoy being Brazillian, or is that getting a Brazillian?) has actually expressed this concept of converting from Cartesian to Polar coordinates pictorially--a similitude for how Curvature of Space-Time is the same as Tidal Forces."

As for seeing me cycle through every mood but Contrition, when have You ever known me not to oblige. If it's contrition You want, here it is: I am genuinely sorry I didn't kill'em all!}

Good things come to those who wait, or as in this case, to those who procrastinate. The delay in getting on with wrapping and unwrapping (unfolding) curves has allowed enough time for this treatise to surface on the web "Unwrapping Curves from Cylinders and Cones," by Tom M. Apostol and Mamikon A. Mnatsakanian, May 1997, The Mathematics Association of America. (reference added March 28, 2011)

Since it seems Gravity can only be encompassed from a Higher Dimension we can only Infer something about its inherent characteristics by its Lower Dimension isomorphic projection on Tides. In this case, Ocean Tides serve as the 4th dimension space-time model of Gravity’s true Higher Dimensional 'Wave' nature.

The Ocean tides give a direct window into the Wave nature of Gravity since modeling tidal behavior can serve as a reasonable affine in Euclidean Space to Gravity’s n-dimensional space affects on them.As we know Tides vary, Gravity, too, may not be as constant as we think, but also instantaneously variable and fluctuating (just like Energy, Light, and other Electro-magnetic radiation, and we have a basic understanding of how Matter interacts/correlates with such Fields).


Gravity's Wave Duality Can Be Inferred From Geometry of Tidal Affects



The pictures can only do so much because they are still rendered in 2-dimensions but a good modeling program should be able to tease out the Unifying Physics of this phenomenon we call 'Gravity' and the finer points pertaining to fractals, duality, and that niggling issue of 'missing mass' (I mean, if we Know it's missing, doesn't that mean it Ain't?--O, Gee :-() that brings us back to 'There ain't no God'!--i kid, i kid, i jest i jest, b( i am soooo depressed)-er).
Some days, when the tide washes up in even more circular fronts, the effect is even more pronounced.


I'm almost certain some bright talent can put all this "As Above, So Below..." to Music just as some time ago William Blake wrote a Poem about it.


'To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour...


Every night and every morn
Some to misery are born,
Every morn and every night
Some are born to sweet delight...

We are led to believe a lie
When we see not thro' the eye,
Which was born in a night to perish in a night,
When the soul slept in beams of light.

God appears, and God is light,
To those poor souls who dwell in night;
But does a human form display
To those who dwell in realms of day.'
--from Auguries of Innocence by William Blake

O, Gee, again! SomeOne already made it down this far in the post and is wondering where is the Quran tie-in. Here it is:
Surah 20 TaHa (طه )

طه 20:1

20:105 وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِالْجِبَا

فَقُلْ يَنسِفُهَا رَبِّي نَسْفًا فَيَذَرُهَا قَاعًا صَفْصَفًا 20:106

20:107 لَا تَرَى فِيهَا عِوَجًا وَلَا أَمْتًا

20:108يَوْمَئِذٍ يَتَّبِعُونَ الدَّاعِيَ لَا عِوَجَ لَهُ وَخَشَعَت الْأَصْوَاتُ لِلرَّحْمَنِ فَلَا تَسْمَعُ إِلَّا هَمْسًا


The first sign in this chapter is one set of the Disconnected Letters found in certain Chapters of the Quran. They are pronounced individually and generally do not comprise words that have any meaning, for that reason they have kept their integrity all these years.
For Sign 20:1 they are the letters Tta ط and Ha ه .

In a previous post there was some discussion as to the mathematics in the Quran, so going by conventional Arabic math notation the ط can mean 'Natural Number' and/or 'pi' and/or gematria value for tta being '9'. And the Ha is Euler's number which is the irrational number denoted by 'e' and has the gematria value '5'.

Now, it doesn't take much to combine pi and e to come up with a natural number. The general case is:



The general solution for which is:


For the special case when taking the Chapter value 20 as the variable and the Sign number 1 as the case to test for True, we get: 


  

Which happens to be True.


20:105 And they will ask you about the Mountains/Barrows/Highlands; Say, 'My Lord Will blast them (a) demolition (torpedo them (to) sinking)'

20:105 transliteration





Wa ya s a loo n aka AAani al jib ali







fa qu l ya nsifu ha






rabbee nasfan








20:106 Leaving it a level plane (Leaving it bottoming (simply) wasting)
20:106 transliteration
Fa ya فَ يَ




tharuha qaAAan saf safan
 ذَرُهَا (a word for corn/kernel/seed/scatter/sow 'tthura' and here it is understood to mean 'its kernel' since it's take as 'thuruha' (reflexive); but this is by no means the only way it may be understood--just happens to be the most accessible to me.

safsafan











20:107 You will not see in it any Crookedness (Bend/Curvature) or Ruggedness

20:107 transliteration
La ta ra fee ha
(La=no, then use tau, roh, phi, and Ha==e,
should lead to something meaningful
when 20:107 used for variable/solution)










AAiwajanwala amtan









(and not; d, a? Complex, Imaginary, compile/ until n?)
(more than likely the math is wrong since I have no insight into the physics/math and simply stringing along the Arabithmetic guessing, someone more keen on this can probably recognize it for what it is. the point is the message has to do with learning something new and not necessarily using the Quran to bonk your brother.)


20:108 On a Day they will follow the Caller/Summoner, without Crookedness/Dishonestly/Evasion to Him, and the Voices will be Hushed/Overawed by the Merciful, and you'll not hear anything except murmurs/whispers/soughing sound.

20:108 Transliteration

Ya w ma I thi n
ya ttabiAAoona alddaAAiya
la AAiwaja lahu
wakhashaAAati alaswatu lilrrahmani
fala tasmaAAu illa hamsan

Surah 46 Al-Ahqaf ( الْأَحْقَافِ , Curved Sand Dunes)
وَاذْكُرْ أَخَا عَادٍ إِذْ أَنذَرَ قَوْمَهُ بِالْأَحْقَافِ وَقَدْ خَلَتْالنُّذُرُ مِن بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ
 وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِ أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّهَ
إِنِّي أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ عَظِيمٍ 46:21

46:21 And remember 'Aad's bretheren when He warned his people among the wind-Curved Sand Dunes, and indeed warners came and went before and after him, saying: 'Serve none but God. Truly, I fear for you the suffering of a Momentous/Significant/Great/Extraordinary Day'.

But like I stated earlier, it's taking time to get through this post since I tend to wallow in my own misfortune, knowing this News never makes it Home (with or without outside assistance, given how often the point about hyperbolic curvature has been deleted to date 21/02/2011; the upside is that while so far Gravity is still present I have magically dropped 3 dress sizes while still consuming the same amount of chocolate). {'Grammar Nazi'?! Really? How many more times You gonna say that?}


15.12.10

The World Turns? Screw That!

Perhaps this post is more appropriately titled , 'An (Hyperb-) Ode to Alan'

"Curvature is the Obstruction to a Flat Field.
Tidal Forces are the Obstruction to an Acceleration Field
Curvature of Space-Time is the same as Tidal Forces."

--From a link associated with "GR02 Gravity Acceleration Equivalence, Gauss’s Law 2008-09-29"

Surah 86 At-Tariq (الطَّارِقِ)
وَالسَّمَاء وَالطَّارِقِ 86:1وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا الطَّارِقُ 86:2النَّجْمُ الثَّاقِبُ 86:3إِن كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَّمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ 86:4فَلْيَنظُرِ الْإِنسَانُ مِمَّ خُلِقَ 86:5خُلِقَ مِن مَّاء دَافِقٍ 86:6يَخْرُجُ مِن بَيْنِ الصُّلْبِ وَالتَّرَائِبِ 86:7إِنَّهُ عَلَى رَجْعِهِ لَقَادِرٌ 86:8يَوْمَ تُبْلَى السَّرَائِرُ 86:9فَمَا لَهُ مِن قُوَّةٍ وَلَا نَاصِرٍ86:10وَالسَّمَاء ذَاتِ الرَّجْعِ 86:11وَالْأَرْضِ ذَاتِ الصَّدْعِ 86:12إِنَّهُ لَقَوْلٌ فَصْلٌ 86:13وَمَا هُوَ بِالْهَزْلِ 86:14إِنَّهُمْ يَكِيدُونَ كَيْدًا 86:15وَأَكِيدُ كَيْدًا 86:16فَمَهِّلِ الْكَافِرِينَ أَمْهِلْهُمْ رُوَيْدًا 86:17
{Some of 'em want to know what's driving me to do this. Simple vanity! I decided the only way to shed a few pounds around here is to get rid of Gravity.}

The diacritic marks were added to the Quran some time after it was first put down in writing, to ensure the proper pronunciation of the text to avoid any misunderstandings. However, it would appear some people go to great lengths to make sure the meaning is lost on them. So, enough about them.

For the classic Star Trek aficionado who may remember Spock and McCoy facing off in a game of multi-level chess, the Multiple nuances of the Quran are more to do with performing multiple math problems than to dig deep to find a way to screw your neighbor.

For a limited example, take the first line of Chapter 86 At-Tariq. 'The Tariq' has been variously rendered as 'the night visitor', 'the piercing star', 'Sirius', just to mention a few variations on the theme. Tabulated below, in a nod to Multi-level Chess and Math Word Problems, the first line 86:1 consisting of 14 letters is broken down to its basic elements of variables, constants and other arithmetic operators.



If the table on the left, parsing out Sign 86:1 of the Quran, does not make it immediately obvious that one of the relationships embedded in it describes a helical path or orbit, then perhaps some clarification is called for.

I am presuming no one else has stumbled on it since I have never heard anything about this particular information embedded in the Quran, or what turned out to be my very handy-dandy-field-survival-guide, in all the years I've been on this (sad forsaken) planet and considering that this information has been hiding in plain view for over 14 Centuries by our reckoning.

In fact, the majority of those I've encountered over the years only see the worse things in it (which I have always justified as a general lack of literacy in the population) and most of them can only sit around thinking of ways to desecrate it or disparage the One (pbuh) who saw fit to share it with us.

The few more widely read, or the handful following along at apageinthelife, may scoff at the discovery, because there is more vivid imagery and reference to this phenomenon than the example I selected. Not only in the Quran itself, as in Chapter 81 Takwiir (Lit. "Spiralling'/'Twisting,' moving off-center), but in other Ancient lore including the Maya's of South America and the Maori's of New Zealand.

The Maya, of course, are best noted for their 2012 so-called 'doomsday' calendar, and there is a Maori oral tradition that alludes to 'When the Snake Bites the Sun.'

The Snake or Dragon reference appears in one form or another in most world cultures, and while it essentially is a reference to new beginnings from old endings (depicted by the serpent usually eating its own tale), such myths are imparted in simplistic memorable terms akin to presenting someone with a colorful Easter Egg--something that can be easily recalled, so that when we get older and have learned enough or experienced enough, and there comes a time to do away with childish things, we can then truly understand the Reality that 'hatches' from all the fairy tales.

I am probably not as brilliant as the young man looking over my shoulder at our neighborhood Starbucks the other evening, so I can't do multi-level math; and given that I can't even do 10th grade math thanks in great part to those who for whatever reason saw to it I lose the only thing I had going for me (my mind) coupled with the lack of proper care and out-right cover-up from the so-called 'medical community', I have to resort to single-level easy-as-she-goes-so-as-not-to-blow-out-her-one-remaining-brain-cell approach. Since I was never all that great at Set Theory or Statistics, I will go with the Algebra (you can follow along and pick your forte).

The first step, as when working any Code, is to find a Key, or agree on a Convention. Since the 'bismillah' is among the most often repeated phrases on Earth, maybe it is a Key to untangling the Arithmetic embedded in the Quran?





Like with everything else, one must Consider the Source before committing anything to a Methodology. While for convenience I use islamicity.com for an on-line Quran source, I know that the Allah is generally more detailed than what is shown in Sign 1:1 above, so I used wikipedia to get a more faithful representation of the Name 'Allah'.
As shown, Allah comprises an 'alif wasl' which is actually not an 'A' at all but what is called a 'hamza' and since this one appears at the beginning of the word with no prior letter it is pronounced as "Ah" and is called a 'hamza wasl'. Literally, 'hamza wasl' means 'connecting link'.
This is followed by the first L (the Arabic Lam) which in Arabic math notation is used for !factorial but is also the notation for complex numbers of the form r*e^(it). And it connects to the medial L in the Word Allah.
The Medial L (connects two letters, the leading Lam and the Ha (Arabic H that follows). What is noteworthy about this second lam is that it has both the 'shadeh' and the 'dagger aleph' harakat or diacritical marks above it. So, while the first Lam is understood to be connected with the hamza, making the word 'al' as in the definitive article 'the', there is no ignoring what we are to think of this medial Lam.
The 'aliph dagger' خنجر is used to mark or highlight the letter it is over, much like a sign (†) that is used as a reference mark, especially to a footnote (oh, A Clue!). And then we have the 'shadeh' as mentioned throughout the table above meaning, to 'stress' 'double' or 'take root' as well as things having to do with germination and the 'kernel'. And it is worth mentioning that the word 'Aliph' itself means 'compile'.
That the medial Lam is followed by the Ha (ه ), and there is no mistaking that in Arabithmatic ه stands for Euler's number, E, (or, e as in ln(e)=1---like e=2.7182...that E!) may be pointing to Lam as shorthand for complex numbers rather than Permutation, but that's just a guess on my part. (Plenty of room here for puns about 'Mary had a little lamb' and 'Abraham sacrificing a Lamb' or Ram...blah, blah, but let's try to focus).
Euler's number appears often in math and the sciences, and is associated with a range of things from expressing growth (or decay) rates, to Gaussian fields, to simplifying Calculus (like when integrating the Taylor equations).
So, we look for the Truth of the Thing by stringing along the letters. Lam complex form taken once and transcribed to equivalent English is re^(it).

There are two ways to double this; either one should work, so I tried both 2re^(it) and (re^(it))^2. And according to Anyone Who Has Ever Told The Truth of The Matter, There is Only 1 Allah. So, to test the Key, We Trust That ALLAH=1. And thank Heaven for WolframAlpha.com, I was able to generate the table for each case.
The fact that each case based on this Method did not yield a 'False' statement, and that each case had roots and yielded recognizable functions, does seem to confirm that 'Allah-hu-Ahhad' ('God Is One'). (I have to insist it ain't me or any one of you, but I think We may have Met on my worse day on that 'flippin' planet'!). It is interesting to note that each curve varies in the same way given that they all have the same derivatives.

Euler's number also appears when expressing curves in polar coordinates (r,t) and is analogous to expressing a complex number.

A logarithmic, or growth spiral which often appears in nature (spiral galaxies, a hawk' s path toward its prey, the nautilus shell, or a moth' s approach to a flame) when expressed in polar coordinates (r,t) is given by:

r=ae^(bt)
where a & b are Real numbers

Parametrically, the curve is given by:

x=cos⁡〖(bt)〗
y=sin⁡(bt)

A 3-D spiral, or Helix, is formed when a planar spiral is pulled along a third axis, z;

z=t; 0≤t ≤2π

The Helix is not the only type of spiral found in nature, others include the 'Whorl' and the 'Vortex.' All this means is that the World 'Screwing Around' is nothing new, since not only does the Earth Orbit the Sun along the Ecliptic Plane, but it is following the Sun as it hurtles through space on its way to toward the Solar Apex-what is, essentially, a Helical orbit.

The image below is taken from the book Helical Helix : Solar System a Dynamic Process byDr. Pallathadka Keshava Bhat (comments added).



As of 2010 the concept that the entire Solar System moves in a vortex trajectory like a snake moving in 3 dimensions (the 'Solar Snake') instead of a flat plane is not the way it is being taught in our schools. (In fact, in some schools they are still arguing Creationism v Evolution, as if this is even an argument).
As the "Solar Snake" moves either above or below the Galactic Ecliptic (about 26,000 years), it produces the illusion of the 'precession of the equinoxes' or what is described as a wobble in the Earth's polar axis. (At least this is how it appears from the 'Accessible' perspective of Earth's inhabitants, or 'Lower Dimension', than when viewed from outside the Solar System, or the 'Remote' viewpoint from a 'Higher Dimension').
The 'Solar Snake' is creating the so-called wobble due to it's vortical trajectory above and below the Galactic Ecliptic. The Ancients, including but not limited to the Maya, Inca, Egyptians, Indians, Indonesians and Native Americans, knew this and represented the Solar Force as Serpents or twin opposing serpents (twin opposing vortices).

The precession of Earth's axis explanation by way of this 'higher dimensional' viewpoint has interesting ramifications when extending this 'as above, so below' observation to the way information propagates throughout the Creation.
One example is in the similarity between the shape traced by solar system's helical path on the Galactic level compared to sperm on the microscopic level and genetic material (DNA) itself at the atomic level. (I know, this all gives new meaning to the notion of 'panspermia').

And while the examples of the snapshot of the helical solar system, the movement of sperm flagellum and the structure of the DNA molecule are physical 'turns' like that of a screw, this type of displacement is strongly reminiscent of elelctro-magnetic wave propagation.
This 'Reverberating Pattern' transmitted across not only in magnitude (from the Galactic to the Microscopic) but also across forms of Matter and Energy (Movement) cannot be ignored; it is very much like the self-similarity seen in Fractals! The very fact that this self-similarity exists so widely in the Universe must have meaning of 'Grave' (-ity) importance! (Did I scare you?--to know You're Mom died?---You'll be okay, because it's still not as bad as your driving scares me! So, remember to drive safely...(well-timed, aptly-titled JumpStart comics appeared 01.03.2011 in the LATimes; is the 'grammar nazi' comment a personal attack? comics.com)
The Helix also presents as a screw dislocation as it propagates in crystal growth. Screw dislocations are an important mechanism in crystal growth and appear as distinct spirals under high magnification. Turns out, where there is a surface “step” the atoms can more easily add to the crystal, and the surface step associated with the screw dislocation is never destroyed no matter how many atoms are added to it. (The arithmetic description of a ‘step’ is a ‘jump point’ or a ‘discontinuity’ caused by a function being ‘undefined’ at that point, like ‘divide by 0’)
Keeping all this in mind, about how matter holistically travels or imprints these helical paths, an electromagnetic vortex may have something more to add to our understanding of the phenomenon and, in turn, add to our understanding of the Gravity 'paradox' when formulating the Theory of Everything.
An optical vortex is created when light (a form of electromagnetic radiation) travels in the z direction with a phase front in the shape of a spiral. The intensity vanishes at the center (anyone think this is familiar to Gravity at the Center of the Earth where counter forces cancel each other out?) of the optical vortex where the phase is “undefined”.

The image of just such an optical vortex is
taken from a paper by Dr. Ulrich T Schwarz Research Group, Regensburg University. According to that paper;
“…’the threads of darkness’ are the optical analogue to screw dislocations in condensed matter physics. They are defined as topological entities and thus stable. A perturbation of the beam will shift the position of the vortex, but not destroy it (as it is impossible to smoothly merge a spiral staircase).”{…And I suppose this is where I am not to let my anger show and only wonder, ‘Why can’t God Imagine better people?!’} Ok, Enough with the EMO stuff.

Moving right along, we take a second look at where we started:
وَالسَّمَاء وَالطَّارِقِ 86:1
86:1 By the Sky (Heavens) and the Tar(i)q(i)
Which is not to say we are right back where we started because all this has happened in the meantime, so it's not exactly the exact same beginning although it looks strangely familiar (Déjà vu, anyone?--Oh, the French, we'll get to them later...).
The reason the word Tariq has so many associations is probably because when it was first introduced into the Arabic vernacular people thought it quite foreign and they tried to make sense of it through context of what followed, which seems to be about the Sky and the Stars. But the words for Stars and Revelation are homonyms, so 86:3 may be just as likely talking about a Piercing Star as it is a Groundbreaking Revelation. Which brings us to the French.
French is a Romance language and derives from the ancient Latin. It is also known as one of the group of "oïl languages" which share the common word oïl (oui) for yes.
{This is where I have to digress and relate a story about a traveller who shared a (conventional) flight with me and was seated next to me on a business trip some time in the long distant past. As we were flying over New Mexico he became quite chatty about how beautiful it looked from the air and he said that travelling widely for his work had taught him to appreciate all kinds of beauty that is not so apparent to the rest of us just walking around because of the special vantage he had when hearing people speak. He was a Linguist and his work required that he find ways to preserve human language and discover how it evolved, which gave him a wider lexicon than the rest of us and an entirely different way of understanding the World.}
Consider the word الطَّارِقِ (at-tariq) first introduced in 86:1 and then followed by the rhetorical question:
86:2 "And How Would You Know (Who Taught You, or, How Can You Be Able to get the Concept of ) what is the Tariq?"
To someone like my travel buddy, sometime in the '80's, it was probably a no-brainer; but to the rest of us, (or me anyway), it's not incredibly obvious. The nearest Arabic word to it would be طرق "method(s)" similar words mean 'through' or 'way' and secondary meanings are 'knocking, beating, pounding, enter, etc.' It is interesting that an alternative word for 'methods' is الأساليب "al-asaleeb" which sounds a great deal like "the Crosses" ( الصليب the Cross, Crucifixion).
A great many of us know about the story of Jesus and the Resurrection and associate His time on 'the Cross' as a time of 'Persecution' or great 'Torture'. So, we would not be surprised to find that the Latin word torquere, ('to torment'), can remind some of us of the word 'Torque', ('to twist'). And we find even more associations to the Jesus story in similar Latin words like 'Torques", (meaning; 'a chain of,' 'collar,' 'yoke', 'garland', 'necklace', 'gorget', 'chain') and the closely associated 'Torquis' (meaning; 'twisted necklace').
All this is made more interesting when we find that the word 'tarch' or 'arch' is 'Ark' in French, and sounds like 'tark' in Estonian for 'wise, astute, sapient, intelligent...' Which brings us around full circle to the word in Farsi (Persian) for torque, where it's taken directly from the contemporary word and its modern-day meaning; 'torque' transcribed in the Arabic/Persian alphabet as 'تورک' (tork), which looks and sounds a lot like the definitive طَّارِقِ (allowing for variations due to trascription from one laguage to another).
The Answer to the rhetorical Question posed in 86:2 (although none is needed) is:
"Certainly Not Google language tools!"
Since a recent translation of 86:2 using Google Language Tools yielded the following interpretation:
"Everybody Knows What Tariq (86:2)" (is).
{I would be convinced otherwise if every government agency had not at one time or another visited this site, even by way of Malaysia and Siberia, ok? I know yousguys tamper with it, because I would not expect those visitors' default language to be English.}
Essentially, this is what it is:
86:3 An-najm al-thaqib86:3 The Piercing Star; A Penetrating/Acute/Sagacious Revelation (acute/keen/boring (like with a hand-drill/perforator Insight/Awakening)
86:4 Inna Kulla Nafsitin llamma 3aliha hhafizhu86:4 Indeed (Truly) Every Being (Soul) Has Overseeing it (Over It) A Saviour (Keeper, Guardian, Protector, Watcher)
86:5 Fayuntthiri al-insannu mimma khulliq86:5 So let (such that) the Human Being See (Understands) Of What (they) Are Created
86:6 Khuliqin min ma'in daffiqin86:6 Created From/Of Watery Effluent (stream, race, influx, afflux, outpouring, inflow/outflow, pouring, pumping, effluence...)
86:7 Yakhruju min bayina al-ssalbi wa al-ttara'ibi86:7 Coming out (emerging, exiting, surfacing) from/of between the 'al-ssalbi' (n.; steel, Crux, crucifixion, loin, ramrod, cross-cut, betterment. v.; crucify, harden, consolidate, stiffen, temper, call out, sear, castigate. adj.; solid, firm, rigid, tough, stiff, concrete, robust, metallic, adamant, unyielding, inflexible, unkind, stark, horny, stubborn, tenacious, resistant, solidity, cruel, corneous, persistent, callous, stabile, out-and-out) and 'al-'ttaraa'ibi' (Alterae (Altair); var. رأب ra'b, bridge, garage; al-tara ibi (ForeFathers' + White Flyers).


The Northern Cross, or Cygnus (The Swan)__Backbone of the Milky Way
On one level 86:6 and 86:7 may very well be a lesson in biology and procreation, but the text is troubling when we have to try and figure out what the exact body part the 'effluent' or 'flood, stream' is emerging from between given that the words 'al-ssalbi' and 'al-ttara'ibi' don't, as far as I can find, correspond to any widely accepted body parts as such. They have been variously interpreted to mean the ribs, loins, or rib cage and the pelvic arch, but this seems contrived.
So, for now, we have to look elsewhere in our Universe to make a more Immediate Connection.
The Galactic Plane (Equator) runs right through the Northern Cross (Cygus, The Swan) where the asterism Fixed by Deneb and Albiero forms the long ‘Staff’ of The Cross; and Delta Cygni, Sadr, and Gibeah form its outstretched 'arms' (cross-bars).
Sighting the Northern Cross is the same as looking directly into the Milky Way disk since it floats like a backbone of the Milky Way – the luminous River of Stars passing through the Northern Cross and stretching across the sky. On clear, dark Winter nights this “milky” swath of sky appears as a hazy band and is really an edgewise view of the Galactic Disk.
The "Summer Triangle" likewise fixes the orientation of the Milky Way Galaxy as it flows out through one of the 'legs' formed by Vega and Altair, with Deneb at its western Apex.
Each of these stars in the Northern Cross and the Summer Triangle are associated with avian Constellations: Deneb and Albiero and Delta Cygni mark the Tail, Beak, and Wing of The Swan, respectively; Gieneh, means 'wing' in Arabic and it represents a wing of Corvus, the Crow/Raven (Gamma Corvi), and the eastern outstretched 'wing' of Cygnus the Swan (Epsilon Cygni); Vega is the brightest star in Lyra associated with the mythic Eagle/Vulture that swoops between Heaven and Earth; and Altair is a main star in the Aquila and derives its name from al-nasr-al-ta'er, 'The Flying Eagle', of legend; and finally, Sadr at the center of the crossbar in the Northern Cross is from the 'Breast' of the Hen.
So, while anatomically we may yet have a few more things to learn about human physiology, it would seem what we know about the Cosmos provides a more fitting depiction of what Signs 86:6 and 86:7 are on about. Since it would seem to indicate that the flow of the Milky Way through these fixed points has something to do with Birth or Resurrection. A Birth that our Ancient Forefathers noticed on a Galactic Time Scale in its streaming through what is alluded to as a 'bridge' associated with these 'White Flyers'. It's not surprising that Deneb, Vega and Altair are all white Class A stars related to Birds.
A 'bridge' connects or links places and it also enables communication (a span across a physical barrier or Time) and the secondary meaning of the word رأب ra'b being 'garage' may lead to the inference that the destination is a place for rest and repair, whether it be for cars, stars, UFOs, or people.
86:8 Innahu 3alla raj3ihi laqadirun
86:8 (Indeed) He Is Able (Has Power Over, Can Cause) him (the Human) to Return (Revert, Come Back, Repeat, Reinstate, Snap back, pass back, reestablish, send back, report back, resound) (aside, is that like a threat?)
86:9 Yawma tubla assara'iru
86:9 On A Day Secrets Are Displayed (laid bare, put forth, the understanding is that they are 'worn out' for all to see, like clothing, with all connotations including 'bearing them' and their being 'erased' and/or 'worn down' in that there will be no way to make excuses for them)
86:10 Fammaluhu min quwatin wala nassirin
86:10 He will have no other Helper/Power/Force or Friend/Patron/Benefactor
86:11 Wa al.sama' tthati alraj3i
86:11 And the Sky (Heaven) Relates the Feedback
86:12 Wa al.ardi tthati alssud3i
86:12 And the Earth Relates the Rift/Flaw/Fissure/Crack/Separation/Segregation...
86:13 Innahu laqawln fasln
86:13 (Indeed) He Can Say (Utter, Call, View, Determine) the Decision (separation season segregation division disconnection isolation severance seclusion demarcation disjunction parting dissociation breakthrough displacement; v., separate disconnect detach break dismiss fire segregate remove adjudicate cut isolate determine decide settle cut off detail sever resolve divide disentangle dissociate sack discharge judge partition lay off set apart expel part itemize wean displace adjudge dissociate oneself from disunite disjoin arrive at a resolution cashier
render a judgment particularize elaborate seclude make a decision sunder have a final word)

86:14 Wammahua b'al hazli
86:14 And He Is Not Kidding (not joking); He Is Serious
86:15 Anahum yakeydoo'na kaeidana
86:15 They are scheming a plot (They plot a plot; plan an artifice, machination, scheme, trick)
86:16 Wa'akeydo kaeidana
86:16 And I Plot a Plot...
86:17 Famahali al.kafireen amhalhum ru'wayidana
86:17 Allow Time for the Disbelievers (Unfaithful)--Take It Easy On Them (Deal Gently with them, Allow (them) Time for A Reprieve).
...I can't believe You; they have the supercomputers, a nuclear arsenal, all the national labs, and their sanity & You Tell me to take it easy on them?! Fine. Here, I Plot a Plot!



PS Henry, I was kind o'hope'n you took off with the quantitative maths while I perigrinated the qualitative aspects. The Chapter:Verse may be the actual parameters for the steps. For example, Sign(1:1) would indicate use variables=1 and result=1 ; and test for True. The example given for الله above yields:
; ; ...
True; True; True...